What Have Been the Main Developments in Strike Activity in Britain over the Last 35 Years?

What have been the main developments in strike activity in Britain over the last 35 years? Strike activity is a form of industrial action that can occur in the workplace once conflict has risen. It is a complete stoppage of work by a group of employees and its aim is to express a grievance or to enforce a demand. (Dundon, Rowlinson, 2011) Employees will usually use a strike as a last resort to deal with issues in the workplace; workers are not able to perform a strike without a stringent process being adhered too with the help of their respective trade union. Employees can voluntarily become a member of a trade union in which they pay for a representative to aid in times of need. Trade unions are used to regulate pay and working conditions between the employer and employee therefore employees will have the support of their trade union during times of proposed strike activity. There have been numerous strikes within the private and public sector workforce since 1978 and this assignment is going to discuss the main developments in strike activity in Britain over the past 35 years. It goes without saying that pre 1978, strikes have occurred (Sapsford, 1982) and played a significant part into more current affairs that can have relevance to post 1978 therefore numerous references maybe made to pre 1978 due to the impact it has had on the present day. Thatcher The process by which strikes have to follow is currently regulated under the Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1992 (Legislation. Gov, 2013) This law outlines the rights of Trade Unions amongst other things. Notably, this law enforces that trade unions must use a process to perform a strike and this process entails the use of a postal vote called a ballot. Gov. UK,2013) Before this particular law was implemented the leader of the conservative party, Margaret Thatcher, had initiated the idea of making strike action harder to participate in. Margaret Thatcher was the prime minister from 1979 through until 1990 (Blundell,2008) and it was at this stage in history when trade unions were being reined in by seve ral of Thatcher's proposals. Thatcher seen the unions and their occurrence of strike activity to be disruptive and believed that the behaviour of the unions could be repressed by introducing a ballot system (Phillips,1979). This meant that employees would have to participate in a secret ballot to decide on whether to involve themselves in strike action. The introduction of this process was ruled by the Trade Union Act 1984 and meant that unions wouldn't be able to lawfully strike unless they had a majority vote (Carby-Hall,1984) therefore prolonging and hindering the prospect of employees and unions participating in strike activity. Winter of Discontent Thatcher's introduction of such law appeared not long after one of the most momentous episodes of strike activity in history. The winter of discontent' occurred between 1978 to 1979 and was recognised as the largest stoppage of labour since the 1926 General Strike (Winter of Discontent,2007). This period of work stoppages appeared as a result of high unemployment and impolitic incomes policy, therefore workers felt the desire to fight the labour government and with the increasing size and militancy of public sector unions, the ‘winter of discontent ' achieved a record status of days lost through strikes(Reitan,2003). Numerous amounts of unions and employees participated in strikes throughout the period of the ‘winter of discontent'; Britain journeyed through power cuts, rubbish pilled in the streets and school closures along with a reduction to a three day working week (Elliott, 2008) all in the representation of workers welfare. A total of 39 million days were lost throughout the period between 1978 and 1979 (Gall, 2011) Coal Miners Strike The most significant affair of strike activity after Thatcher's regulatory implementation to tackle trade union power was the coal miners' strike in 1984. This work stoppage arose after the recession in the early 1980's which cut the demand for coal exposing the less productive parts of the industry. The strike lasted a whole year and included the involvement of several thousand workers and was the most important defeat for trade union movement since the General Strike in 1926 according to Lyddon. (Lyddon, 2013) This particular strike was catastrophic in regards to the potential effects not just on the coal mining industry, but also other industries that could have been affected by the decisions that lay within Mrs Thatcher's power. Nick McGahey, the vice president on the NUM told a news conference that the strikers are not just fighting for their own jobs, but for the jobs other people from different industries (Miners Strike,2013). The steel, engineering and electrical industry will also experience knock on effects of numerous pit closures. As one can imagine being placed in Margaret Thatcher's position as this moment in time may have been pressured to say the least, due to the scale of the strike. In 1984 there were 187,000 people in total who were miners and over half of them were participating in strike activity (Miners Strike, 2013). Along with the implications of the political decisions being made, unemployment rates were at an all time high of over 3 million people unemployed. This figure was the highest since the period of the General strike in 1926 (ONS, 2013). For Mrs Thatcher, a strike of this measure must have been enough to have to tame, never mind having to battle with such high unemployment figures. This situation alone could have been enough for the general public to view Mrs Thatcher in a negative light but she was re-elected as prime minister for the third time in 1987 (Margaret Thatcher, 2013).

Language and its relation with apes Essay

When we talk about language it means the language that we use for communication. Humans have used different types of language in past for communication and the language that we speak today has been eventually achieved after lots of changes. It has been said that using language for communication has differentiated humans from other animals on this earth. Talking about language includes sign language, spoken language and other languages used for communication. Language should be differentiated with speech because speech involves production of sound from the voice box whereas anguage means a way commonly used for communication and to express one with each other in society. All animals use some form of communication or other but researchers don’t classify it as language. But it has been seen that some of the animals like dolphins, apes, chimpanzees etc. can communicate using the language used by humans. Dolphins are even found calling each other by names. As far as apes are concerned great ape language has even evolved by the researchers while teaching gorillas, orangutans and chimpanzees. It is seen that they communicate with each other using sign language or physical tokens. These usages of different types of tools to communicate indicate their ability to use language. When we go back into the past we find that in the beginning the language was not related to speech and can be said to be a type of sign language. Many researchers have made studies and have come to the conclusion that apes can understand sign language and can easily communicate with humans if trained to do so. A chimpanzee was caught in the wild and was named Washoe. When she was ten months old, she was handed over to a husband and wife involved with the researcher’s team. It is a fact that chimpanzees are fully dependent till two years of age and semi dependent up to four years of age. They made the environment like a deaf parent would make for their child and then started experiment on Washoe. There was at least one of the researchers with her when she was awake and tried a lot of techniques in order to teach her sign language and how to communicate with humans. Before project Washoe, attempts to teach animals the voice language had failed so the researchers tried to teach her the American Sign language in which they succeeded to a far extent. While teaching Washoe, when she used to learn any language properly she was rewarded so that it encouraged her and initially she was even taught to bring her hands together and touch her fingertips. Then the couple started teaching her to be more precise with her hands’ movements. In the first couple of years the couple were not sure whether she was really catching the language or not because sometimes she did not react to that but when she was shown the object she would make the correct sign for that. It was also seen that some of the things she used to name in her own way and continuously did the same. This also shows that chimpanzees applied their own wish and brain and not just copied what they were taught. It was concluded by the researchers that when humans started to communicate with the help of speech, their vocal tract developed and it eventually brought changes in the human brain too. The language that we use today to communicate can be found back 200,000 years ago where we find similarities in the language. But it was almost 50,000 years back from when sophistication of language started. The first step must have been the use of grammar in the language and the basis of today’s language must have eveloped. But it is still a matter of debate whether it developed gradually or suddenly because researchers have no proof for any of the two. Language is said to be unique human quality and researchers have found evidence that suggests that a sudden change took place somewhere in Africa around 50,000 years back. This brought some changes in human brain and some of the scientists have concluded that a group of Africans left and proceeded to colonize other parts of the world. This way similar language pattern spread and is now found in most parts of the world. There are ome researchers who believe that the language of today has eventually been achieved and has gone through different stages and the modern linguistics must have evolved since late eighteenth century. It depends upon the circumstances and surroundings and it has been proved by the researchers that chimpanzees when kept in supporting environment can learn and communicate in sign language with humans. The richness of our language for communication is considered as distinctive achievement because it provides us with the ways to express our feelings and emotions to others. Each and every achievement of umans can be credited to language because without it nothing could have been possible in the field of science and technology, philosophy, art and culture or any of the fields. There is language diversity found in this world and even market of language technology is also growing. Language has helped a lot in expanding different types of businesses throughout the world. Exchange of ideas and views become very important when it comes to business or any field that is concerned with the whole world. The use of computer and Internet has also brought the whole world quite close and even the diversity f languages can be bridged with the help of latest technology. Translations are done with the help of software and although they are less accurate than the work done by humans, they are cheap and easily accessible. It can almost be considered as revolution and this has been spreading widely through the help of computer. Initially language was thought to be a unique human quality and that must be because it gave every human to articulate and communicate easily with each other. Understand each other in a better way, which was a great achievement for humans and this helped them to ravel and know about different cultures and livings. Language is the base of all the developments and achievements in this world. If there were no collectiveness due to common language, there would have been nothing possible. All the developments either technical or in the art world are seen and enjoyed today just because a group of people were able to communicate and discuss on some point and then after a lot of studies and experiments were able to reach where we are today. Communication has also helped to pass on the ideas of one generation to other and in this way development has eventually eached and is further heading in future. The most important thing needed for communication is language as it is the base and without which it would have not been possible to communicate. It happens at many levels and in various ways but need of language is must. Language becomes the means that helps to communicate within the working team and thus helps achieve targets and success. Man is a social animal and he needs to communicate in order to remain attached to the society and every member of the society has his or her share in its development. Many scholars have given instances and tried to explain the importance of communication and its relation with language. Just to prove the significance of language there had been so many projects to teach languages to animals and men have succeeded in it. Some of the animals can understand and communicate in sign languages if taught in perfect age like chimpanzees and some can even speak too like parrots if taught at an early age can communicate with vocal expressions. Dolphins are found to call each other by names and they also communicate with their human companions and understand their instructions. Dolphins are found to respond to music too. Language is an organized form of communication, which can be conveyed through voice, signals, and gestures or written symbols. But just communication or its ways are not considered as language and this is the reason why the communication of animals is not considered as language. Humans speak and write language as a system of symbols and grammars or rules with the help of which the symbols are manipulated. Most of humans use sounds or gestures as communication tools and language is considered to be exclusively as mode of communication for humans only.

Population Management Strategies Essay

China has one of the largest population densities in the world. In Russia there is a decline in population which is observed to increase drastically. In Western Europe as well, the population decline is as a result of the social and economic lifestyle that the natives lead. Varied measures are therefore taken against the population growing trends. This study compares and contrasts the population management strategies of the above mentioned nations (Gordon, 2005). 2. 0 Population growth in Russia Presently, there is a remarkable decline in population and this is a major problem in Russia. Russia’s population is estimated to be 143 million, however, in every year there is a turn down of about seven hundred thousand people; calculations indicate that this decline is about one hundred people dying every hour; this has led to predictions that the country’s population by the year 2050 could be as low as one hundred and twenty million. It could also have an economic and geopolitical impact (Gordon, 2005). a) Causes of the population crisis The observed high mortality rate, short life expectancy and an increasing number of deaths from causes that are not natural; are the major factors contributing to the population decline in Russia. Russia’s number of deaths per 1,000 people is at 16, compared to Western Europe which is 5. Out of the 150,000 people who die in natural deaths, 46,000 are suicidal cases, 40,000 killed in road accidents, 36,000 murdered and 36,000 are as a result of alcohol poisoning. High abortion in Russia contributes to the low birth rate. However there is a great decline in abortion since the Soviet times when abortion was utilized as a method of birth control (Gordon, 2005). The official statistics survey indicates that there are 1. 6 million abortions in Russian women, which is higher than the birth rate. Generally, there is a low birth rate in the country attributed to high rates of alcoholism and economic hardship. Currently, Russia’s birth rate is 1. 34 children per woman of fertile age, which is less compared to the required 2. 14 children per woman. Additionally, the estimated life expectancy in Russia is about 58 years for men and 72 for women, thus thirty percent of the men population do not reach the beginning of their pension age (Gordon, 2005). Russian experts also suggest that the depopulation in the country is due to political and economic upheaval experienced in the country in the 1990s. Due to bad planning and implementing of liberal economic reforms, social insecurity was evident among the nationals and thus they sought to have fewer children. The rate of foreigners moving into Russia is low; little relocation is observed within the former republics of the Soviet Union. However the rate of movement of nationals outside Russia to Western Europe and other places is high and it’s usually for search of a better economic situation (Gordon, 2005). b) Management strategies In 2005, there was an increase in the number of births which was due to a large number of girls born in the 1970s-1980s who could bear children by then. Thus the birth rate can be stimulated, the maternal and infant mortality rates reduced. By enhancing the reproductive health and quality of the population, the population growth can be boosted. A new demographic development concept is essential for it will outline the national goals such as average increase of life expectancy in the nationals and increase in birth rate. Russia has a chronic occurrence of cardiac and oncological diseases. The average life expectancy can be boosted by six more years if an initiative is taken to reduce deaths that arise from such disorders (Gordon, 2005). 3. 0 Population growth in China and management strategies China is among the world’s top nations that experience a very large population with a relatively small youth cohort which is attributed to the People’s Republic of China’s one –child policy. Except for the population policies implemented in China in 1979, the current population in china would be reading at 1. 7 billion. It is recorded that china’s population in 1953 was 582 million; however by the year 2000, the population was twice as much, estimated at 1. 2 billion (Peng, & Guo, 2000). The first leaders in China believed that a large population was a great investment, yet, as the population grew rapidly it became a liability and this led to a mass campaign effort for birth control by the Ministry of Public health; though this was in vain. Again, a rapid population was experienced after the interval of the ‘Great Leap Forward’. In the 1960s, emphasis was laid on late marriage and in 1964; birth control offices were established in the central government and at the provincial level, contraceptives were used in family planning. This campaign was seen to be successful until the Cultural Revolution era (Peng, & Guo, 2000). In 1972 and 1973, birth control resources were distributed countrywide. At administrative and in various collective enterprises, committees were launched to ensure implementation of the birth control programs; both rural and urban areas were covered. Mao Zeodong who was behind the family planning movement died in 1976, and the government failed to acknowledge that economic growth and improved living standards are affected by the population growth. However, in the 1970s the fast growing population of China prompted the government to establish a limit in the number of children born; the highest suggested family size was two children in cities and three or four in the countryside (Peng, & Guo, 2000). Since 1979, the one-child policy that was widely in use. The policy had different guiding principles on national minorities and only one child was permitted to the married couples. The policy helped China to achieve its goal of stability and a fertility rate that was greatly reduced; an average of 5. 4 children per women was reported. Those who observed the one child program were rewarded by getting a one-child certificate that permitted them to get cash bonuses, better childcare, longer maternity leave and good housing allowances; and they were to pledge that they would not bear children anymore. The population in the rural areas however, determined the efficiency in the policy implementation program; since they accounted for 60% of the total population (Peng, & Guo, 2000). Studies indicate that coercive measures were used in order to make the one-child policy a success. The assumed methods included psychological pressure, use of physical force, and in some cases forcing abortions and infanticide. However, the government officials insisted that the family planning process was on voluntary basis and measures applied in implementing the programs were persuasive and economic based (Peng, & Guo, 2000). Between 1970 and 1980, there was a drop in the crude birth rate from 36. 9 per 1,000 to 17. 6 per 1000, which was due to â€Å"wan xi shao† birth control campaign,-late marriages, longer intervals between births and fewer children. In addition, the social and economic changes that had taken place, amongst which was the high level of employment of women in rural and urban areas and low mortality rate in infants, may have contributed to the aforementioned. Nonetheless, in the countryside, people valued large families, especially sons, for assistance in the fields and support during old age. This seems to have applied to the rest of China as a whole; there is a gender imbalance in China; the 2000 census report showed that 119 boys born of every 100 girls. The government was thus forced to ban the selective abortion for female fetuses in July 2004 (Peng, & Guo, 2000). 4. 0 Population growth in Western Europe Since the 1960s, there is a substantial decline in Western Europe’s population which is accredited to low fertility rates. By 1999, the total fertility rates had dropped so much; an average of 1. 45 was recorded in the fifteen European Union countries. A total fertility rate at 1. 5 is presently experienced by eight out of fifteen of the western European countries. However, there are immense disparity among these countries in terms of timing and the level of when the decline started as well and in the rate and decline duration. Socioeconomic and demographic factors have contributed to the differences in pattern of West European fertility levels. There are concerns pertaining to the imbalance of the population age structure, ability to maintain European welfare state systems and consistency in social affairs. This has les to the implementing of family policies in order to safeguard the nations’ populations (Caldwell et al. 2006). a) Management strategies i) Maternity protection: this was a step towards creating an opportunity for women to give birth because of the demand from employment, differences in gender and equality; protection of labor and regulation. The Western European countries thus introduced compulsory maternity leaves for women who are working. Other countries such as France introduced a policy in support of women in reconciling employment with motherhood. In Scandinavia, greater emphasis was put in leaves and protective labor legislation. The recommended maternity leave period is 14weeks; however it varies between 20weeks in Italy and 16-18 weeks being the common length in other countries (Caldwell et al. 2006). ii) Parental leave: the government has amended the parental leave regulations and different parental-leave schemes have been implemented. These leaves are available only to parents and they vary from one country to another. The benefits also vary significantly; in some countries they are either unpaid or given a low pay (Caldwell et al. 2006). iii) Childcare services: at the beginning of industrialization, childcare services were instituted to cater for the orphans and children who were unattended due since their mothers were working. However up to the 20th century, childcare services changed to charity education to promote social and individual development. The catholic institutions were pioneers in provision of this kind of service. Presently the services offered differ athwart the nations (Caldwell et al. 2006). iv) Child benefits: this system came up as wide array of policy intentions. Its major role was to cater families in need for instance widows who had children and divorced or single mothers. However these support systems vary in terms of services offered across the countries (Caldwell et al. 2006). 5. 0 Conclusion In Russia and Western Europe, population decline is the major crisis which is as a result of varied factors. Russia’ decline is caused by inappropriate standards of living and in Europe, the level of industrialization that has created working opportunities has denied women the chance to bear children, hence population decline. In China, the challenge is high population that is caused by uncontrolled popular growth. The future population in China is likely to face gender imbalance and besides it has an increasingly aging population. There is a limitation in the way services are offered in the family systems. A cross-national variation in family policies’ provisions and modalities is evident in Europe. Hence it is difficult to look into the effects of family policies on individual childbearing behavior in order to make a comparison between the countries. Some countries share fertility advances, and family policy systems. The countries in West Europe are clearly divided (Caldwell, et al. 2006). References: Peng, & X. , Guo, Z. (2000): The Changing Population of China, ISBN 0631201920, 9780631201922, Blackwell Publishing. Caldwell, B. K. , Caldwell, P. , Caldwell, J. C. , Caldwell, P. Schindlmayr, T. McDonald, P. F. (2006): Demographic Transition Theory. ISBN 1402043732, 9781402043734, Springer Gordon, E. E. (2005): The 2010 meltdown: solving the impending jobs crisis. ISBN 0275984362, 9780275984366, Greenwood Publishing Group

Compare two Member States participation and representation in the Research Paper

Compare two Member States participation and representation in the European Parliament. Questions to answer are on Details section - Research Paper Example My countries of choice are Czech Republic and Belgium. The choice for comparison of the two European member states is because of their variance in entry period. Belgium is one of the founding nations having been present during the formation in 1952, while Czech came much later in 2004. Czech Republic is a young nation formed in 1993 after the split of Czechoslovakia. Belgium became independent in 1830. The time of independence is quite different for the two nations and could have also influenced the social-political and economical development for each nation. The political structure for the two nations also varies. Belgium is a federal state and its political system is based on parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy as the head of state. The government is further divided into the regional government and community government. The kings hold the executive powers, while the prime minister is the head of government and cabinet. The prime minister is appointed by the monarch. The federal parliament has two chambers: the House of Representatives and the senate (The Belgian House of Representatives and Senate, 2004). Czech Republic on the other hand is a parliamentary democracy with separate legislative, executive and judicial powers. The parliament consists of the chamber of deputies and the senate. Unlike Belgium, the government is a presidential system whereby the president is elected on a five year term. It also has a prime minister appointed by the president (Prokop, 2010). The European parliament comprises of 24 representatives who are elected from Belgium. Proportional representation is applied in the electoral system. In this election (European parliament), Belgium comprises of three electoral districts. The system used is referred to as d’Hondt formula and there is no limitation for the representation. After the election, people are still given the chance to overrule the party ruling candidates (European Election Database, n.d.).

Service Operations Management - Talent Drycleaners Case Study Essay

Service Operations Management - Talent Drycleaners Case Study - Essay Example The company has an adequate capacity utilization amount, a standard turnaround time, and a profitable return inherent in its added collection store located in Oshodi. Additionally, the paper will conduct an analysis that seeks to illustrate why Talent Dry-cleaner’s current operational state is limited as far as potential growth while also setting up the stage for making recommendations. The recommendations will be aimed at suggesting that the company hires extra staff, and extend the time of work with the objective of realizing an increased number of average drop-offs handled every day. SERVICE OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT- TALENT DRYCLEANERS CASE STUDY Introduction Eze owns a dry-cleaning business, Talent drycleaners and Stain Clinic, which has been operational for two years after he branched off from his former employer to start his own business. The major reason for starting a new business laid, in the opportunity, to open a dry-cleaning operation in a heavily populated area, Anth ony Village, which had no dry-cleaning facility. Talent Dry-cleaners relied heavily on client referrals during and after its inception, as well as an awareness campaign complete with customized caps and t-shirts. When funding hampered any further campaigns, he turned to handbill distribution, although this approach was not satisfactory in pulling in large volumes of customers. Recently, he became aware that quite a number of his clients were moving to the outskirts of Lagos, especially the Lekki-Epe axis. Additionally, Eze also began to feel the effect of proliferating dry-cleaning outfits stationed in Anthony Village. This forced him to slash billing charges thrice within one month. Within this competitor base, the key competitive variables included a variety of service, high response levels, delivery time, quality of service, and price. Some outfits had also adopted business differentiation by instituting cloth delivery and amendment in an effort to improve responsiveness. At the moment, Eze has to develop new strategies that will enhance profitability via moving to new markets, improve throughput and turnaround time, as well as efficient capacity utilization. Problem Statement Talent Dry-cleaners finds itself in a position where it has the best service quality available, but potential growth is hampered by severe limitations, especially the lack of funding. Analysis One of the reasons why Talent Dry-cleaners is facing limitations in its growth has to do with capacity utilization. Capacity can be defined as the ceiling or upper limit on the load, which can be controlled by an operating unit that is the upper limit on the output rate (Schneider, 2010). The basic questions that Eze should ask when considering this angle include the kind of capacity needed, the amount of capacity needed, and when the capacity is needed. While there are several definitions for capacity, none of them is applicable universally. Design capacity is defined as service capacity or max imum output rate that a facility operation or process is designed for. Effective capacity is the design capacity fewer allowances such as maintenance and personal time while actual output is the actual output rate achieved, which cannot be more than effective capacity (Schneider, 2010).

Operation Management Degree Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Operation Management Degree - Case Study Example They are behind schedule with RA4. Susan has mentioned that they discuss the issue at the caf' when they meet. The caf' was very good in many respects, but problems were occurring since the new manager had taken over towards the end of the previous year. The caf' offered hot food for breakfast and lunch, snacks and sandwiches throughout the day and an out-of-hour's service area with tea and coffee and machine-supplied snacks. This had been a replacement for the 'hot food' service that had been available the previous year as part of cost saving measures that the new manager introduced. At that time, the software developers used to use the caf' in the evening, as they often worked late into the night but were rarely to be seen in the current times. Added to the above, the standard of the freshly prepared food varied enormously and stock outs were getting worse with more occasions when ingredients were missing or late and even some of the snacks supplies were becoming erratic. The canteen manager appeared to be having problems with a number of suppliers and this was having a big impact on the service offered. Obviously, there is a difference between the definition of quality for the caf' and the development team. The difference is limited to the kind of problems. However, conditions both at the caf' and the development team were worsening. Hassan needs to get to grips with the software development teams. ... The meals were expensive The queues in the caf' were ridiculous Added to the above, the standard of the freshly prepared food varied enormously and stock outs were getting worse with more occasions when ingredients were missing or late and even some of the snacks supplies were becoming erratic. The canteen manager appeared to be having problems with a number of suppliers and this was having a big impact on the service offered. Obviously, there is a difference between the definition of quality for the caf' and the development team. The difference is limited to the kind of problems. However, conditions both at the caf' and the development team were worsening. Hassan needs to get to grips with the software development teams. Quality is a big issue here; your task is to recommend ways in which they can assess and analyze the problems in more detail using suitable quality assessment. There is no doubt that the software development teams need a shot in the arm. It is pointless to blame anyone. The environment has deteriorated to an extent that nobody is able to produce quality work. Hassan has to make moves that will ensure proper working conditions to enable the software development teams perform to their maximum potential. In this situation, kaizen has the capability to bring about the necessary transformation. Actually, kaizen is the rallying point. Hassan must draw from the principles of kaizen and apply them to work for Wishton House. Basically, kaizen in Japanese means "to become good." In order to become good, there are some principles that must be followed. The foundational principles of kaizen are: teamwork, personal discipline, improved morale, quality circles, and suggestions for improvement. These are broad principles and Hassan must define them in the

Discuss the extent to which authors are successful in representing the Essay

Discuss the extent to which authors are successful in representing the child's point of view in scenes about education in 20th century literature - Essay Example Her depiction of the education system is reflective of this simplistic and disconnected with reality. Roald Dahl’s depiction is similar, his reflection helps us also identify a need for escapism and appreciation of the absurd. Phil Grange, Sue Townsend and J.D Salinger all are very realistic in their depictions of the educational systems of the time which reflects the trouble that adolescents face dealing with the social realities around them. Harry Potter deals with a world of fantasy embedded in a boarding-school life. This depiction of school life is reminiscent of books like ‘Tom Brown’s school days’. Jill Murphy’s series is along the same line but less intense and targeted towards a younger audience. Each author uses his skill to depict the educational systems as children see them and each is a fusion of the author’s own style and experience and the broader social realities in which they were writing. This paper reviews children’s literature in the 20th century by focusing on specific pieces of writing, with special references to their depiction of the educational system. It will first review the relevant piece of literature and then discuss the social and historical context in which it was written. Although the paper describes the depictions of the educational system that the works cover it also studies the broader context in which these systems exist and also the elements in the work and the authors style which influence the way the educational system is depicted. Amongst the tools used the paper looks at the narrative styles used and the depiction of adults in the work to get insight into the impact that the social and historical elements have on children’s lives. The key focus of this paper is to explain that the depiction of childhood in children’s literature is influenced by the social and historical

The Book of Nehemiah Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Book of Nehemiah - Research Paper Example The setting for the book of Nehemiah is originally the court of the king in Persia. The people of Israel are still captive in Babylon. Some individuals have returned to Jerusalem with the King’s blessing to rebuild the temple. But nothing has been done to the city walls, gates and other defensive structures. Nehemiah is granted permission to travel to Jerusalem to rebuild the defenses of Jerusalem while the work on the temple continues. In Jerusalem, there is an assortment of Jews that remained behind from the initial captivity, enemies such as Amorites and Arabs, and other Jews working on the temple. Many of the Jews in Persia still had dreams of returning home while others were becoming acculturated. All of this was happening at some time between 450 BC and 400 BC. The Book of Nehemiah follows a narrative for much of the length. It was written as a history of the rebuilding of the walls of Jerusalem and as a witness of God’s reward for diligent effort. The book begins with Nehemiah receiving word that the construction of the temple was going as planned but was dangerous because there were no walls to protect the workers and the inhabitants of the city. This troubles Nehemiah to such a degree that King Artexerxes can tell that something is troubling Nehemiah, his steward. Nehemiah courageously tell the king what is on his mind. The king grants Nehemiah permission to rebuild the walls and provides tools, equipment and food. Nehemiah arrives and finds much of the city in ruins. Great breaches have been knocked in the walls, many gates and towers are burned and streets are impassable. Nehemiah announces his plans and immediately become an object of scorn and contempt. Sanballat the Horonite, Tobiah the Ammonite and Gehsem the Arab were his main detractors. They said the work could never be completed. Work does begin on the walls and progresses at a very rapid pace. The enemies of Israel are amazed. They begin to issue threats against the effort to r ebuild the walls. Nehemiah records that the work continued, that half of the people stood guard while the other half worked on the construction. These threats were just one of the challenges Nehemiah needed to overcome during the reconstruction of the walls of Jerusalem. Soon, a division among the local Jews arises. Many families are concerned that they need to support the workers on the walls and that the construction is taking away sons and daughters that are needed in the fields to grow crops. They threaten to stop giving to support the work of the walls and to withhold their labor. Nehemiah convinces them that this is not the right course of action. He encourages them to first of all, forgive the debts that exist within the community. That way no one needs to fear for losing his or her land. Once the locals agree to do this, they also see the wisdom in completing the walls. They continue to sacrifice to keep constructing the walls. With the construction of the walls complete, Ne hemiah makes lists of the families living in the town surrounding Jerusalem. He takes a census according to town and family, making special note of any Levites that can officiate in the temple. In the middle of the book, Ezra takes over, the narrative stops and there is a long account of how the people of Israel are taught from the books of Moses and reestablish temple worship once again in Jerusalem.

EPIDEMIOLOGY and BIOSTATISTICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

EPIDEMIOLOGY and BIOSTATISTICS - Essay Example Specific Tests are required more when a rare disease in question. However for such a communicable disease, early detection is a must and hence the more sensitive test i.e Test B should be chosen. 2. Physicians practising in the general community often find that on the average chronic debilitating conditions such as multiple sclerosis or connective tissue diseases lead to less disability and fewer complications than they were led to expect from reading reports in medical literature on the natural history of these conditions. Why do you think this is the case? Ans 2. The chronic debilitating conditions mentioned in these diseases is a subjective and dependant variable concern. Multiple factors affect the incidence and complexity of the above mentioned diseases. Or it could be the case that, Medical awareness in the community is high so these conditions get cured before reaching an advance stage. Thus all this could contribute to the fact that these chronic conditions seem to occur with less disability and fewer complications than they were led to expect from reading reports in medical literature on the natural history of these conditions. 3. Surgeons at hospital A report that mortality rate at the end of one year follow up period after a coronary by-pass operation is 15%. At hospital B the surgeons report a 1-year mortality rate of only 8% after the same procedure. What would you find out before concluding that surgeons at hospital B perform the operation with greater skill? Referral Bias is an important factor to be considered while determining the skill in the above case. A might be getting more complicated disease cases. Even for the same disease, it might get a disease in a more advanced stage. Thus even for the same number of cases, the mortality rate of the two hospitals is not comparable. 4. The following table shows data from a

Communicative Language Teaching Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Communicative Language Teaching - Essay Example   Communicative Language Teaching is effective since it focusing on determining what the student can do in functional terms and practically. It involves the use of thorough evaluations and helps students to identify things that are useful to them in a practical sense. It enables the students to complete the required grade or level of the curriculum successfully to meet the required national standards when it comes to education, and especially foreign education. It is a practical approach to foreign language students and applies to them all the way from kindergarten up to university. Communicative Language Teaching is important for students because it helps to make students understand what they can do after completing a certain level of education. The use of this teaching method enables a learner to use and apply certain strategies that may apply to the particular student.Since Communicative Learning Technology does not support one particular theory or working method, it can draw id eas from many practical methods such as sciences, psychology and the use of second languages. It embraces the different approaches that apply to helping the learner to meet their learning goals. Moreover, using this learning model has effectively enabled accommodation of different students who have different personalities and needs for learning. The practicality of this teaching brand appears in the way that it requires the frequent interaction between the learners to create a suitable atmosphere for the students to perfect their language skills.

Case Study-Cross Culture Management Course Term Paper

Case Study-Cross Culture Management Course - Term Paper Example There are various sources of innovation. Those are both internal and external sources of innovation as identified from the case study. The most prominent internal sources of innovation are incongruities, unexpected occurrences, industry and market changes and process needs. The opportunities that are present outside the organization in its social as well as intellectual environment are changes in the perception, new knowledge and demographic changes. The case study also explains the various principles of the innovation. The purposeful and systematic innovation starts by analyzing the sources of the new opportunities. Innovation requires knowledge, ingenuity and focus. It has been derived from the case study that because of entrepreneurial initiatives have always augmented the practice of innovation. Application of the Concepts Leaders and the managers play a vital role in the cross cultural management. The main problem that has been found in the case study is related to the term inno vation. The companies don’t have the kind of culture that is required by the innovators to be successful when thinking of innovating. The culture has an adverse influence on the management.

Make Way Movie Brats Essay Example for Free

Make Way Movie Brats Essay In the late 1960s to late 1970s, as the veteran directors retired, a new generation gradually took their place. Associated with â€Å"New Hollywood,† these young and diverse directors, often in their late twenties and early thirties, were considered â€Å"movie brats. † These new directors Some of the more famous were Francis Ford Coppola, Stephen Spielberg, and George Lucas; all of whom had an intense awareness of film history, worked with quotations and remakes, and created extremely successful films. With an influx of new directors, it seemed fit that they would take over the industry entirely. However, director Robert Altman, born around twenty years earlier and being significantly older than his â€Å"movie brats† successors, Altman remained essential to the industry. Post mid-1970s, it was less commonplace for efforts to be put toward maintaining Hollywood art cinema. The new directors were focusing on box-office revenue and the production of both action-oriented and youth-oriented, blockbuster films with radiant special effects. Two films that demonstrated such qualities were Steven Spielberg’s Jaws and George Lucas’s Star Wars. Altman persisted for efforts to be continued. He, as well as other older directors like Paul Mazusky and Woody Allen, ventured into the American art cinema. Altman had to work at a rapid pace during the 1970s as he completed more than a dozen films. He also had to compete with the younger generation of Hollywood that was producing huge blockbuster hits. Though rather than trying to create an action flick, Altman stayed true to his roots and produced films primarily based on the character’s emotions rather than plot. Two specific movies in which Altman emphasized shifts from objective reality and subjectivity of the character are Images and 3 Women. In 1970, Altman directed M*A*S*H*; a film praised for its uses of humor with a topic as heavy as the Korean War and for becoming one of the highest grossing films of the year. However, Altman’s films did not always prove to do exceedingly well at the box-office. McCabe and Mrs. Miller and The Long Goodbye created a few years later were generally well received and proved to be moderate earners. His films That Cold Day in the Park, Brewster McCloud, and Thieves Like Us evidently all became box-office disappointments, even though the three generally received good reviews from critics. Although Altman’s movies are not always top box-office earners, they are still habitually the subject of a lot of critical attention. Such is evident with his film Images where the movie didn’t garner a lot of praise for Altman, even though the film might have been considered a peak for other directors. It was released between the films â€Å"McCabe† and â€Å"The Long† and as mentioned previously, they were moderately successful. They received more acclaim and attention resulting in less appreciation of Images upon its release on-screen and it’s availability in today’s time. For this reason, the film can be compared to Francis Coppola’s The Conversation. Although a great movie, it was only considered to be a minor significance to Coppola’s career coming between the crowd pleasers and box-office smash hits The Godfather and The Godfather 2. Images was shot in the wet autumn months of 1971 in Ireland. It premiered at the Cannes Film Festival the following May. It was there that Susannah York won the award for best actress. York credited her role as Cathryn in the film as the role she is most proud of. Although taking home an award, Cannes audiences were primarily confused. Images isn’t the type of film an audience would feel sympathetic towards. It’s somewhat complicated to follow and comes off as cold. However, it’s not as nearly as hard to comprehend as the first reviewers of the movie suggested. As film critic Roger Ebert states, â€Å"[The film] is a technical success but not quite an emotional one. † Because Altman was a hot ticket item in 1971 with M*A*S*H*; Columbia Pictures took the distribution rights of the film and entered it in the New York Film Festival. Unfortunately for Images, neither Vincent Canby nor Roger Greenspan (two dominant film critics for the New York Times) took up the movie to review. It was then left to Howard Thomson, a journalist and film critic for the New York Times nicknamed â€Å"mishmash† for writing brief reviews for films. Thomson made no exception for Images, leaving it only with an imperceptive review. The film never went on to have a traditional commercial release in America. Essentially the film is about a children’s author and housewife Cathryn (Susannah York) who receives several phone calls on a gloomy night in her London home. The voice on the other end is a female stating that Cathryn’s husband Hugh (Rene Auberjonois) is having an affair with another woman. Hugh comes home seeing his wife in grief and tries to comfort her. He vanishes and another man is shown acting as if he was her husband. Frightened at the sight, she screams and backs way, later seeing the figure change back into the â€Å"image† of her husband. Hugh feels that her angst is a result of stress and her budding pregnancy. He takes her to vacation at an isolated cottage in an attempt to relieve some stress. As she stays there, Cathryn dives farther into foreboding delusions as the stranger reappears. It becomes difficult for her to distinguish what is happening in reality and what’s just going on her head. Images shows a lot of subjectivity through its characters because of the extreme personas of the characters and the situations they are placed in. Cathryn begins hearing sounds and hallucinates constantly. She feels guilt sexually after envisioning encounters with two men that are not her husband. One is a sinister Frenchman who asked to be shot by Cathryn to exorcise his ghost. After he apparently falls dead, it is shown that her husband’s expensive camera is all that was really shot. The other man is more realistic, portraying a neighbor who’s infatuated with her and believes Cathryn has rape fantasies and needs strong care. She bares an attraction to him but also feels guilt. She eventually stabs the neighbor with a kitchen knife eventually â€Å"killing† him. The husband Hugh is relatively the only normal character of the film. He never completely comprehends the extent of his wife’s mental horror. Truly having his wife’s best interests in mind and acting as an ideal husband, Hugh thought relocating her to a more isolated place would relieve her of woes. He’s a typical simple American who is addicted to dumb jokes. What Cathryn actually feels about him is only pointed at towards the last 20 minutes of the film where she tries killing off a ghost she incorrectly sees as her other self. Altman’s introduction of his characters and plot comes off as him trying his hand at feminist tax. For one thing, there’s barely any scenes that don’t revolve around the main protagonist Cathryn. Her character isn’t compelling which somewhat dooms the film from the beginning. The male characters come across as jerks. Altman’s goal seemed to make a point about the way movies objectify women, turning them into the â€Å"images,† the film’s title indicates, for the consumption of male viewers. After all, Cathryn is only a little more than something for the men in the film to enjoy. Cameras figure plainly in the film’s mise-en-scene. Her pointing and shooting a gun (a symbol of male power) is yet another example of Altman’s use of gender associations. Although Altman’s point is clear, it seems like he went about delivering the message in a cliched way. In terms of objective reality, every image revealed rovides a lot of suspense and anticipation of what effect Altman will provide next. However it is somewhat difficult to find the reality as it is one of Altman’s most abstract films. It is full of so much symbolism and images that it reflects the work of Bergman and Kubrik. These â€Å"images† consist of shimmering water and tinkling ornaments. They are astonishing beautiful â€Å"images† cut often by shocks of Cathryn’s sensibilities. One daunting scene that does not occur in her head is when she is writing her story and watching ponies, but a dog and frantic sounds break the peacefulness. Altman wrote the film entirely, but the children’s story that accompanies some of â€Å"the images† was composed by Ms. York. This blends art and actuality. The film also has a wonderful use of color that separates the protagonist Cheryl from her ambience in a particularly unique and incomparable way. A few things that this movie can be credited for is its complete originality and uniqueness. Images is a very bizarre Altman film. For a filmmaker who characteristically produces works with large ensembles and layered dialogue, Images feels more blunt and almost claustrophobic. One thing that makes it so different is that the visual style is more lyrical at some points while jagged at the others. Another difference is that the dialog does not overlap. In charge of photography was Vilmos Zsigmond, one of the best cinematographers of the seventies and Altman’s favorite cameraman at the time of production. He does an amazing job with his photography by remaining with the woman’s point of view while never suggesting at what is really going on. Altman added a clever touch to interchange the character’s names with the actors that portray them. Susannah is played by actress Cathryn Harrison and Cathryn is played by actress Susannah York. Another switch of names is shown in the characters of three actors: Hugh played by Rene Auberjonois, Rene played by Marcel Bozzuffi, and Marcel is played by Hugh Millai. Altman’s demand of the audience’s senses is both nontraditional and expert. The fragmented style applied to the movie will definitely not please all senses to each audience member. However its witty script, brave look at a twisted inner world, and the eerie atmosphere the film creates is enough to keep one’s attention for the films entirety. If that’s not enough, there is always the pleasure of watching characters played by phenomenal actors Altman is so famous for providing. American film critic and film/animation historian Leonard Maltin described the film best in stating the film was â€Å"difficult but fascinating† and that it comes off as â€Å"off-putting at first, but worth the effort to hang on. † It is a definite must see for Altman admirers who want to see him in a new style. Altman doesn’t worry about the defenses needed for his film, but rather simply creates a spiritual and poetic vision letting logic and caution fall in the depths of the films beauty. Whether or not Altman produced a commercial success, didn’t change the pace at which he put forth films. Five years after Images was produced, Altman came out with the film 3 Women. The idea for the film came to Altman in a dream. It was because of Allen’s success with filmmaking; 20th Century Fox approved the movie before he had a definite script. Although it was original intention to film without a script, he eventually had one made before filming. This script was more like a â€Å"blueprint,† which he regularly did with previous films. The film centers around two women whose characters are in keen contrast with one another among their first encounters. The third woman the title hints at is a minor character but has a key supporting role, although not first recognized to the audience but gradually can be understood. Essentially the movie tells a story of three women whose characters change and merge, until finally, in the perplexing ending scene, switch roles. 3 Women, although praised for its uniqueness, was not very popular at the time. American audiences may not have even recognized its release at the time. Why you might wonder? A little movie directed by George Lucas bearing the name Star Wars was released in the same year. The three women the title hints at are Shelley Duvall, Sissy Spacek, and Janice Rule who live in the same apartment complex in the desert of California. Duvall plays Mildred â€Å"Millie† Lammoreaux, who works as a physical therapist at a senior care center. She comes off as very confident about her charm and her appeal to men, even though the men she goes after openly mock her. Pinky Rose, played by Spacek, is a young, naive, and childlike woman from Texas who too gets a job at the senior center. With Millie’s roommate moving out, she is forced to find a new roommate, after accepting the conditions, Pinky becomes that new roommate. Rule plays the supporting yet vital role of Willie Hart, the pregnant wife of the landlord of the apartment complex. She gives off an incredibly sad aura as she moves with a gloomy silence, keeping isolated from other people. Willie is a muralist who makes visually appealing yet moderately unsettling murals; one in which is painted at the bottom of the apartment pool depicting godlike creatures, absurd men, and women who annoy each other. The opening scene of the film reflects roles of each of the three women that women in general often play. Willie, the pregnant wife, represents a mother. From the mural she is painting in the pool, one can determine that she seems very sad. Millie reflects a teenager in that she is often very interested in the opposite sex. She is an odd character in that she obsessively gives recipes to others and tells them how she organizes them by the allotted time, even though no one seems to care. Pinky, when first introduced at the clinic, comes off instantly as immature and naive just like an average child. During lunch, she blows bubbles through a straw into her drink and later plays around in a wheelchair, pretending as if she was a patient. Along with making faces at the workers, she says to Millie, â€Å"You’re the most perfect person I’ve ever met,† resembling a young child admiring their cooler older sister. As with Images, this film is also extremely subjective in terms of the characters. Each character has an excessive emphasis on their moods, attitudes, and opinions. There’s no subtly in any of the way the characters act. Millie, as explained in the previous paragraph, is portrayed as an annoying friend who talks excessively. We’ve all experienced or know someone who has experienced a friend like this before, but someone having a personality as dramatic as Millie is just unusual. The audience quickly understands how desperate she is to find a man. Tom, a neighbor who works the grill during poolside dinners, is someone Millie fancies a lot but can’t get attention from. She even tells Pinky that he has asked her out on dates but she’s always been too busy to accept; clearly an act of desperation over someone she cares fantasizes about so deeply. During her lunch break she eats and sits with the doctors, consisting of only men, rather than her co-workers even though it’s more expensive. Her efforts are useless in that they still don’t really acknowledge her. Her last hangout spot to socialize with men is a local bar/ recreation area, owned by Edgar and bartended by his wife Willie. The boys too preoccupied with shooting at a gun range and riding bikes outback, provides yet another obstacle for Millie to find someone. Pinky too reflects the extreme of a personality behaving as some would call childlike. She is a withdrawn woman trying to begin a new life in California, refusing to go into specifics of her past life. The way she looks up to Millie after knowing her for less than a day is extremely odd. Most people emulate people, especially when they are the new one in town as Pinky was, when they are popular or are known for doing something good. They think by acting similar to that person, they will share that same sense of praise and popularity. What’s strange about Pinky’s situation is that Millie isn’t your ideal role model and is the complete opposite of a popular girl. Millie is more of the nerd that’s oblivious to what other people truly think about her. It brings to the question, why would anyone want to duplicate Millie? Also, what made Pinky not want to keep her past life hidden? Altman was very creative in creating Willie’s character. Although Willie doesn’t have many lines in the film, shown mostly with her paintings instead of with people, her supporting role is necessary for the flow of the movie. With a macho husband possessing such an extravagant personality, it wouldn’t be hard to miss her character entirely. Although withdrawn from social interaction, it is made evident that she is still caring. After Pinky attempted to commit suicide by jumping into the apartment pool, Willie didn’t hesitate to jump in and save her. Also in the final scene, even though Willie and Pinky were both messing around with her husband, she still decided to take them in and let them work at the bar with her after the â€Å"accidental† death of her husband. The three women make a complete 360 from polar opposites, into a family. The objective reality of the film is evident through its use of the visual representation found in the mirrors and the water. Mirrors and reflections represent the way Millie views herself. Through the mirrors, we begin to understand Millie’s obsession with looking good, something she is proud of accomplishing. Millie is always beautifying herself by making small changes to her clothes, touching her hair constantly to make sure her curls are intact, and perfecting her makeup. She looks at her reflection, apparently adoring what she says looking back at her, even though no one can figuratively see her. The mirror and the reflections represent Millie’s invisibility to other people in that when you look in the mirror, you are the only one to take notice of what’s reflecting back. Water is also extremely prevalent in the film’s entirety. Each of the three female protagonists of the film is associated with water in one way or another. The opening shot of pregnant Willie painting a mural and water being immersed as a backdrop is said by Altman to represent â€Å"the amniotic fluid surrounding a fetus,† (Ebert). The seceding scene shows Millie and her coworkers helping old people slowly descend into a pool- going to the water as their lives initially started. The wavy line shown on the screen is thought to represent an umbilical cord connecting the person to its life line. Also located in the pool is the crucial turning point in which Pinky jumps into the pool from the balcony, to be later saved by Willie. The movie does feature men; however they are of far less significance to the main protagonists. Edgar, played by Robert Fortier, is the husband of Willie. What someone might call a â€Å"manly man,† Edgar showcases himself with motorcycles, beer, and guns. He is very much a drunk who tries to portray himself as a benevolent western gunslinger and fails to acknowledge his wife properly. The other men, often seen lounging around the apartment’s pool, are objects of Millie’s captivation. She always comes off in preparation for dates or dinner plans with these gentleman, even though they never actually happen and they fail to notice her. It is understood fairly quickly that Millie is a lonely soul. The men are used only to further emphasize the personality of the female characters they come in contact with. It is obvious that this film was primarily focused on the significance of the character rather than creating an high-suspense adventure like Stephen Spielberg did with his film Jaws created a mere two years previously. Each actress perfectly resembles their characters through their looks and acting capabilities. Rule depicts Willie with no apparent expression on the face and a sad look in her eyes. Spacek’s light hair and eyes that stare in adoration fit a character named Pinky. Duvall especially contributed a lot to the creation of the film. She was accountable for creating the recipes, the diary entries, and a great deal of the dialogue her character Millie had. Her big brown round eyes resemble a deer in headlights as she is oblivious to the feelings others have towards her. It’s no wonder why she took home the Cannes Film Festival and Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards best actress award. Though the actors fit the characters well and portrayed each scene wonderfully, some things are left unanswered for the audience. Although Pinky is a main character, not a lot is understood about her past. Upon completion of the film, it is still left a mystery why she left Texas and whether or not she was actually from there. When Millie asked for specifics on what part of Texas she was from, Pinky accused her of giving her the third degree and avoided the question. Also, when Pinky saw her â€Å"parents† in the hospital she claimed that she had never seen them before, screaming for them to get out. This was a very peculiar scene since the old couple claim to be Pinky’s parents, but look far too old to actually be them. Whether they are frauds, grandparents, or her adoptive parents, is never actually presented. Another mystery Altman added to make the movie come off as a dream, where not everything makes sense and only certain details are vivid. For its use of water coming in and out of scenes with the primary characters, even though water is not actually present, and the mysteries that leave the audience questioning scenes, 3 Women possesses a dream-like quality. The idea of the film, the story, the cast, and everything included, was said by Altman to come to him in a dream, so he wanted to express it as such. The message and the overall point of the film are left open to interpretation for the audience. Altman himself says he is not exactly sure what the ending means but has a â€Å"theory† on what it signifies and what actually occurred. He wanted to create a film filled with emotion and allusion rather than â€Å"surface realities caught with the camera’s allegedly objective eye,† (Sterritt). Essentially this movie is not a narrative in any way but reflects the three stages of a woman’s life. The three women merge into a single person, who is mother, daughter, and granddaughter, â€Å"isolated but serenely self-sufficient (Canby). The film is about age and youth and the overall quality of American life. Trying to decipher the exact meaning of the movie is pointless in that no one could be definite for sure. 3 Women is a film concentrated more on mystery, mood, and behavior than the use of plot devices. In both Images and 3 Women, it is evident that Altman avoided an attempt to make a flashy movie in order to compete at the same level as his younger comrades in the business. Images depicted a fairytale and 3 Women, a dream; both very unconventional types of films. He was far too interested in the preservation of Hollywood art to care about garnering publicity. These were films that had emphasis on ambiguous between objective reality, and character subjectivity, decorated with abstract, enigmatic compositions. Both were films in which Altman was involved both with the writing and directing process, enabling him to project on screen what he himself envisioned as the direction of the movie. Also, these films examined madness in its female characters. It is no coincidence that these specific films both won a best actress award at Cannes. Although Altman’s movies don’t always do extremely well at the box office, they are perpetually the subject of a lot of analytical attention.

Post Op Protection Helmet Project Health And Social Care Essay

Post Op Protection Helmet Project Health And Social Care Essay Introduction Most of the patients who had undergone any major head surgery will require an effective protection of their wound. After surgery, some patients especially post-traumatic injury have a high risk of falling due to neurological impairments, weakness, post-op seizures and agitation or confusion and re-injure their head. This is more important if part of the patients skull is removed (craniectomy). Appropriate protective headwear during the acute period post-op can be worn and reduce the chance of injury. While effective protection for the head and face is a priority for these individuals, headwear should also provide unobstructed vision and adequate ventilation, lightweight, cosmetically acceptable and reasonably priced. Providing effective headwear is a problem for many orthotists and the rehabilitation team taking care of individuals who have a high risk of head injury following a fall. Parents, caregivers and clinicians usually opt to use commercial sports helmets or other types of ad justable off-the-shelf headwear. Although commercial helmets are adaptable and relatively inexpensive, a number of features make them generally unsuitable for the disabled population post-operation. The main idea for this protection helmet is to provide a comfortable wear for the patient and reduce risk of injuring the head and wound during inpatient period. In other way, the design should be able to minimize the impact to the head if a fall or knock occurs. Chapter 2: LITERITURE RIVIEW Human brain can withstand 300 to 400 G of impact without either concussion or skull fracture, provided that there is no local deformation of the skull to inflict direct injury. Patients sometimes ha head surgery that needed to remove some part of their skull. This will make impact that brain can withstand lower than original. Thus, the helmet protection for post operative will be needed. 2.1 Review Journal According to Understanding Head Neck Trauma by Tony Pan Sanfelipo, the impact that head can withstand is vary from the location that the forces is being exerted. The frontal bone (forehead) can withstand on average, 1,000 to 1,600 pounds of force. The temporo-parietal (sides of head) bones can tolerate around 700 to 1,900 pounds of force. The back of the skull can handle around 1,440 pounds of force. The bones of the face and cheek are less tolerant, standing forces of only 280 to 520 pounds. From this, we can see that the impact that head can withstand is differ from the impact that brain can withstand. Skull is a very strong bone in our skeletal system. But, caution step also needed to be done especially after the head operation. According to the Journal of Prosthetic and Orthotic entitled The Use of Postoperative Cranial Orthoses in the Management of Craniosynostosis by William J. Barringer, head helmet or cranial orthoses was being widely used in child rehabilitation after having a head surgery of the problem craniosynostosis that is a condition for cranial deformity that can be directly related to the premature closure of cranial sutures. According to the writer, the cause of the problem is still unknown. While in the other Journal of Prosthetic and Orthotic entitled An Overview of Positional Plagiocephaly and Cranial Remolding Orthoses by Deanna Fish and Dulcey Lima, said that plagiocephaly is a condition of abnormalities of baby head due to pre-natal and post-natal forces exerted to the head of the baby makes the baby head look weird. The causes of these problem are varied like the head could be shape like that before birth (that is still in the womb), the position of the baby during sleep that make some deformation force, the premature birth of the baby and maybe the supine position of the baby during daytime also can cause this problem. Both of these problems involve head remodification. For plagioencephaly, the method to remodel back the head is by using a head helmet or cranial remolding orthoses. It was being called Cranial remolding techniques. This technique was being applied by cover all the areas that need to be curb by a material and allows space in areas where growth is to be encouraged to promote the desired head shape. The material being used to cover the head is often built like head helmet but not as thick as the normal helmet. The example of the material is polypropylene. While craniosynostotis involved head surgery to shape back their head. Often also used as a treatment after the surgery is the head orthoses. According to William J. Barringer, the patient that used the orthoses after the surgery more likely to have the shape of the head almost regained normal. According to the author, based on the survey that he had made, he concluded that many advantages that the patient can get by putting on these ortoses after head surgey for craniosnostotis patients like it appears that orthoses can be used to extend the correction gained in surgery or to protect against regression to the presurgical deformit. It is also apparent that age, severity of deformity, type of deformity, surgical procedure, physician preference, and bone healing play important roles in determining the overall outcome and decision-making. According to the author also, there are many ways, material and shape of the head orthoses can be made. An example is a head orthoses that using bends materials that attach the part together. While the authors for the An Overview of Positional Plagiocephaly and Cranial Remolding Orthoses article said that many different orthotic designs have been developed during the last 20 years to effectively address this patient population. Whether the design is active or passive in nature, rigid or flexible, hinged or circumferential, the basic principle of all cranial remolding orthoses is to create a pathway for symmetrical growth to occur. The authors also quoted that there are several ways to make the cranial orthoses. A cast or three-dimensional image of the infants head is acquired. The model is modified to full or partial symmetry, depending upon the severity of the condition, design of the orthoses, and protocols of the treating orthotist. Mild and moderate asymmetries may be modified to full symmetry while severe deformations may require progressive adjustments to the inner surface of the orthoses to obtain full symmetry throughout the course of the treatment program. Orthot ic designs including chinstraps are likely to be less intimate at the initial fitting, allowing for normal growth to follow the internal contours of the orthoses. To date, there is no evidence that any one orthotic design provides better outcomes than another. Symmetrical growth is achieved by consistent evaluation and adjustments to the orthoses based upon the childs head shape and growth patterns. Translational movements of the cranial bones are to be expected and frequent evaluation will ensure total contact over prominent areas and provide areas of relief over depressed areas. Circumferential growth is accommodated by the removal or recontouring of material and additional material may be strategically added to provide total contact and to stabilize the orthoses on the infants head. It is extremely important for the orthoses to be thoroughly cleaned each day to prevent bacterial build-up and problems with scalp rashes. Air holes are commonly added to help dissipate heat as well a s to assist in the evaluation of the fit of the cranium to the inner surface of the orthoses. Due to its functional as regain head shape, the cranial orthoses model had to be some sort of medical device that should not affect the patient in bad ways. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has certain aspect that cranial remodeling orthoses and other medical device manufacturer had to pass before patients can used their model in United State of America. To obtain clearance, manufacturers are required to explain the design of the product(s), how they are intended to work, and how they are manufactured. They are also required to describe the treatment protocols, provide appropriate labeling, and market the devices for only approved uses. All manufacturers must undergo regular FDA audits of their facilities and must comply with the Medical Device Reporting requirements to report any device failure that could lead to serious injury or death. This is being taken from Journal of Prosthetic and Orthotic entitled FDA Regulation of Cranial Remodeling Devices by Timothy R. Littlefi eld. 2.2 Disadvantages of The Older Design While cranial remolding orthoses is for children, others research had been done to make cranial orthoses for needed patient after head surgery whether the patients is children or adults. The design should be lightweight, effective and protect the head better. According to Journal of Prosthetic and Orthotic entitled Development of a Modular Design, Custom-Fitted Protective Helmet by Steve Ryan,Greg Belbin, Mendal Slack, Stephen Naumann and Rod Moran, stated that the new design by them trough this project should be assign because there are many disadvantages of the already have design like: Commercial helmets protect the cranium but leave the facial area, particularly the chin and oral structure, vulnerable. Commercial face shields could provide the extra protection, but they may impede vision and add to a caged in feeling. In addition, because of a face shields remote placement, it could contribute to neck injury if caught on a stationary object during a fall. Usually commercial helmets are designed with ventilation slots and liner cooling paths, which are conduits for forced air movement through the helmet. Cooling occurs as the wearer moves. This form of ventilation is inefficient for the disabled population since, for the most part, they move at or below normal walking speed. Suspension in commercial headwear is provided primarily by a chin cup attached to the helmet by straps, which are tightened to prevent helmet movement. Constant pressure applied to the chin could lead to orthodontic problems, particularly in the growing child. Because of these, they proposed new design for the cranial orthoses. Their design is mainly focused of three parts of the head that are anterior section, posterior section and chin protector. Each part are fabricated from polyethylene foam with the exterior is hard polyethylene while the anterior is low-density polyethylene foam. They fabricate the orthoses and made a survey of it. The result from the survey is the research helmet was found to be an orthotic device that could be readily dispensed in a clinical setting in one appointment. On average, it required two hours to measure, evaluate and fit a subject. The project orthotists felt that, with experience, the helmet could be fitted in less than two hours except in cases where special modifications were required. The orthotists remarked on the ease with which they could dispense the helmet using the specially designed jigs and fixtures provided. No major technical problems or mechanical failures were identified during the helmets post-trial evaluation. This is being sited on their article. 2.3 Summary Last but not least, we proposed the title of our clinical project Post-OP Protection Helmet to help patients head after surgery minimize the risk of reinjuring their head due to possible fall during acute period. Several factors like Post-traumatic, seizure, confusion, agitation and imbalance can lead to knocking their head accidently at the skull defect site. With this device, patient can protect their head especially. For our design, we applied the basic concepts of engineering like the concepts of energy absorption and load distribution and also biomechanics application. Chapter 3: Methodology 3.1 Technique used There are two ways of technique we performed our task. Firstly, we used AutoCAD Engineering software to design the shape of the helmet. We used this software because it can perform the shape clearly and make the 3D dimension. We have to consider the convenience and the cosmetically acceptable criteria during the design process. Next, we do the research on the materials for protection helmet which will be manufacture. We had referred to the journals and related reference books. The material must satisfy the ASTM standard, such as tensile strength, abrasive resistance, young modulus and others. In addition, the material should easily fabricate and lower cost. The method we use to build the outer shell is plastic injection molding, this method is use the plastic from pellets or granules and heat it until melt. Then we push the melt into a split-die mold where can cool it at the shape design. Finally we open the mold and take out the part, the cycle is repeating. The wall thickness is a important key to use under this method, because the thick wall will take more time to cool and it will have greater the shrinking , but if the wall is thin so it will cool faster, the less shrinking. And we will use a drilling machine to make some hole to let the air can float out from the protective helmet. For the data collection, we compare mechanical properties, physical properties, thermal properties and chemical resistance between several polymers. From the comparing, we had chosen the polycarbonate as the outer surface of the POST-OP Protection Helmet because they are easily worked, moulded, thermoformed and good in mechanical properties. However, for the inner padding, we choose EVA (Ethylene vinyl acetate) because light weight, easy to mould, odorless, glossy finish, and cheaper compared to natural rubber. It is good for deceleration impact energy. 3.2 Properties of the Material Properties of the outer shell Density 0.0397-0.0484 lb/in3 Water Absorption 0.05-0.7 % Hardness, Rockwell R 108-122 Tensile Strength, Ultimate 5800-12500 psi Charpy Impact 20.5-37.6 ft-lb/in2 Oxygen Index 21-34% Processing Temperature 473-585 °F Table 3.1 Properties of the inner padding Specific Density 0.93 TENSILE STRENGTH (psi) 2000 COMPRESSION STRENGTH (psi) 1450 IMPACT (IZOD ft. lbs/in) NB HARDNESS R40 Table 3.2 Figure 3.1 Plastic injection molding machine The material we choose to use for the outer shell is Polycarbonate Resin Thermoplastic 3414(40%GF). The properties of the material below this table: Youngs modulus, psi Shear modulus, psi Mass density,lb/in3 Thermal exp coef, 1in/in/F Ultimate tensile,psi 1400000 319000 0.05495 9.30E-06 27000 Ultimate compressive, psi Ultimate shear,psi Thermal conductivity, Btuin/hrft2F Specific heat,Btu/lb/F 21000 11000 1.53 0.25 Table 3.3 This material has good conductivity compare to other material like Polycarbonate Resin Thermoplastic 3413 (30%GF). So we choose this material. 3.3 The Design of the Protection Helmet Figure 3.2: Top view sutures Figure 3.3: Side view sutures From the picture above, that was several type of wound, the design of the protective helmet should not contact with the wound part and provide ventilation for air circulation to faster the wound healing. The special of our design is the professionals working with patients needing head coverage after surgery can place positioning pads around the inside of the clear shell. In an area of recent surgery example, pads would be place around a wound or surgical site to keep helmet shell elevated and away from the affected area. Clear polycarbonate shell, edged with soft foam is then lined with self adhesive foam pads in various thicknesses, and ventilation holes are added. Suggestions for placement of the pads are included with the helmet. The helmet is made from thermoplastics polymer material that lightweight, lower cost, and has many high mechanical properties. The benefit of the transparent outer shell design is allows better supervision of the underlying wound and skull defect. The mat erial is crucial factor to this helmet because patient with head surgery need something that can feel very comfortable to their head. Material with least dense with be an awesome choice for them. The helmet also needs to have good mechanical properties to increase wear resistance. The helmet should be not has low strength and low hardness. The needed for these higher mechanical properties is to give protection of the head of the patients in abrasive environment. We should know that patients can be very stressful and lost control after a major head surgery. This is especially true in traumatic brain injury patients. They can bang their head to walls and the helmet should resist the forces from the banging in order to protect the head. So, in overall, the both material for inner and outer parts of the helmet were made from a very good mechanical properties polymers. Chapter 4: Result 4.1 Physical Architecture The design and chosen material was refer to functional, reliable, safety and costly. As we approached the data technique given by the ASTM standard this outcomes design would give very important benefits to us. Besides that, this most suitable material is to reduce the percentage of injury by the patient. The design we come out also very important, the outer surface material is hard, and the inner is comfortable and can absorb the high impact. The outer surface of the protection helmet using clear polycarbonate shell is easily to fabricate by the engineers. This outer surface gives the superior safety effectiveness to the patient. Figure 4.1 : Feature of Post-OP Protection Helmet Design 4.2 Logical Architecture From this post-Op helmet, the patient should refer by their doctor what kind of shape or where to put the EVA (Ethylene vinyl acetate) for inner surface on helmet as not to contact with the wound. The inner surface had a hollow part to avoid contact to the wound. The ventilations on the outer helmet help the air going in to contact the surface wound. This would help the wound healing more fasters. This also makes the patient head not feel hot and trapped with unwanted air thus make the heads skin get irritated. On the other hand, this helmet will give the amazing comfort, rugged durability, lightweight safety and stay-put in custom fit. The helmet would work great for patients post-surgery and the compliance is would be wonderful. CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION Our design has many benefits to post-surgery patient throughout the world based on the advantages like: The helmet is made from thermoplastics polymer material that lightweight, lower cost, and has many high mechanical properties. The material is crucial factor to this helmet because patient with head surgery need something that can feel very comfortable to their head. Material with least dense with be an awesome choice for them. The helmet also needs to have good mechanical properties to increase wear resistance. The helmet should be not has low strength and low hardness. The needed for these higher mechanical properties is to give protection of the head of the patients in abrasive environmentWe should know that patients can be very stressful and lost control after a major head surgery. This is especially true in traumatic brain injury patients. They can bang their head to walls and the helmet should resist the forces from the banging in order to protect the head. So, in overall, the both material for inner and outer parts of the helmet were made from a very good mechanical properties polymers. The design of the helmet also makes a very good properties and advantage for the patient. The design of the helmet is ventilation, cosmetic acceptable and functional. It views same shape as our human head shape. So that, the patient can proceeds their normal life without . Strap was adjustable, in case of emergency, the strap can be easily remove and unlock. At the ear part, the part was uncover, so it was convenience to hearing and very comfortable. CHAPTER 6: Discussion The Post -op protection helmet is use to protect the patient from head injury after head surgery. Some of these have a high risk of falling due to multiple medical complication post op. Re-bleeding is the major complication and can cause further neurological deterioration. When the helmet collide something, inside the protective helmet have EVA (Ethylene vinyl acetate), it will absorb the energy produce from the collision and the EVA can increase the time between head and the outer shell collision, so the energy will hit the helmet will decrease and can protect the head from the injury. And the outer shell will have some holes so inside the protective helmet will ventilate and the patient will feel more fresh and comfortable. The outer shell is colour less is because like can let other people easily to know the head condition, so can confirm inside the protective helmet is safe. CHAPTER 7 : BIBILOGRAPHY: Barringer, William J. (2004). The Use of Postoperative Cranial Orthoses in the Management of Craniosynostosis. Journal of Prosthetic and Orthotic, 4S(16), 56-58. Retrieved September 9, 2009 from http://www.oandp.org/jpo/library/2004_04S_056.asp Fish, D. Lima, D. (2003). An Overview of Positional Plagiocephaly and Cranial Remolding Orthoses. Journal of Prosthetic and Orthotic, 2(15), 37-47. Retrieved September 9, 2009 from http:// www. oandp.org/jpo/library/2003_02_037.asp Ryan, S., Belbin,G., Slack,M., Naumann, S., Moran, D. (1992). Development of a Modular Design, Custom-Fitted Protective Helmet. Journal of Prosthetic and Orthotic, 4(4), 213-218. Retrieved September 9, 2009 from http://www.oandp.org/ jpo/library/1992_04_213.asp CHAPTER 8: Rehabilitation Medicine Unit 8.1 History The Department of Rehabilitation Medicine started as a section of the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery in 1965 under the headship of Professor Dr. J.F. Silva. Services provided were general physiotherapy, general occupational therapy and orthopaedic appliances service. The return of UMs pioneer Rehabilitation Physician from University of London in 1984, Dr. Zaliha Omar became a starting point for the development of rehabilitation services in the UMMC as well as in Malaysia. The first service to be introduced was the Rehabilitation Medicine consultation service which provided expert consultations in the fields of general rehabilitation. In addition, Rehabilitation Medicine was introduced as a subject in the undergraduate medical curriculum in 1984. In May 1995, the need to start Masters in Rehabilitation Medicine and Masters in Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine necessitated the shift of the rehabilitation section, from the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery to the Department of Allied Health Sciences and known as the Rehabilitation Sciences Unit. The Department of Allied Health Sciences then comprised of 2 units ie the Biomedical Science Unit and the Nursing Sciences Unit. By then, the scope of rehabilitation services along with the advancement in technology and increasing patient demand; saw a paradigm shift from being a general rehabilitation service provider to a specialized rehabilitation medicine service provider which emphasized on a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary team approach. The first such service to be introduced was the Neuromedical Rehabilitation Service in 1991. This was followed by Spinal Rehabilitation (1992), Upper Limb and Hand Rehabilitation (1992) and Burns Rehabilitation (1992). The unit then went on to develop other specialised services and continue to upgrade existing services. These include Paediatric Neurodevelopmental Rehabilitation (1995), Prosthetic Orthotic Management Service, Wheelchair Management Service (1995), Amputee Rehabilitation (1996), Sports Rehabilitation (1998), Work Rehabilitation (1998), Wound Management and Diabetic Footcare (1998), Geriatric Rehabilitation (1999), Alternative Approaches to Rehabilitation Medicine (Acupuncture Service) in 1999, Neurosurgical Rehabilitation (2002), Womens Health (2002), Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation (2003) and Cardiac Rehabilitation (2006). The Rehabilitation Sciences Unit of the Department of Allied Health Sciences under the headship of Assoc Prof Dr. Zaliha Omar initiated 2 very important academic programmes in the country namely the Master of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation in 1996 and Master of Rehabilitation Medicine in 1997. The early days of conducting 2 new programmes in relatively unknown fields posed numerous challenges but the unit received excellent support from various parties; other departments within the faculty as well as from the international arena.   One of the valuable contributions was from Professor Balasubramaniam from the National University of Singapore who was previously Head of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya from 1979 1982. Professor Bala was appointed Visiting Professor to the unit from 1997 to 2000 and as Chair for Tun Siti Hasmahs Chair for Rehabilitation and Sport Medicine from 2000 until 2003. The Rehabilitation Medicine Unit was also very fortunate to have collaboration with the University of Melbourne and 13 of its trainees underwent elective training of 6 to 12 months in Melbourne, Australia in various fields in rehabilitation medicine as part of the 4 year masters programme. The Rehabilitation Sciences Unit produced its first graduates in 2001, and to date have produced 17 rehabilitation physicians in Malaysia. The unit has also grown, from a one-man show ie Assoc Prof Dr. Zaliha Omar in the 80s and later in 1994 joined by Dr. Tunku Nor Taayah Tunku Zubir who left in 2001, it now has 6 academic staff and 1 trainee lecturer. The year 2005 saw the retirement of UMs as well as Malaysias rehabilitation medicine icon, Assoc Prof Dato Dr. Zaliha Omar from the academic arena. However she still generously contributes her time to teaching and clinical work in UMMC as a visiting consultant. Current and Future Developments With the progress and expansion of the unit in both the academic and clinical fields, the Rehabilitation Sciences Unit put up a proposal in 2006 for the formation of the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, a clinical department which is involved in teaching, clinical service and research. With the formation of the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and the formalization of the merger of its academic (FOM) and clinical services (UMMC) it is hoped that the field of Rehabilitation Medicine and its multidisciplinary components is better understood and its image and function more prominent. Apart from strengthening and optimizing current clinical services, the department also plans to introduce new services as well as collaborate with other departments in the areas of vestibular rehabilitation, pulmonary rehabilitation, chronic pain management, rheumatological rehabilitation, lymphoedema management service and others. As rehabilitation medicine is a multidisciplinary discipline, the department has put in its long-term planning, academic programmes in the areas of Prosthetics and Orthotics (in collaboration with Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya), Occupational Therapy, Physiotherapy and other related fields. The department currently has 20 trainees in rehabilitation medicine who go through a 4 year clinical master programme which also incorporates a research component. With the expansion of clinical services and the increasing number of trainees in the Master of Rehabilitation Medicine programme, the department is constantly reinforcing its faculty and other staff members. The department is also very fortunate to be identified for further development in the form of a one-stop comprehensive rehabilitation medicine complex in the 9th Malaysia Plan. 8.2 Introduction of Department of Rehabilitation Medicine The Department of Rehabilitation Medicine was formed as part of the overall development of Faculty of Medicine and University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur for the purpose of providing clinical services in rehabilitation medicine and to provide training in the various fields of rehabilitation medicine. Apart from providing a comprehensive rehabilitation medicine service involving Rehabilitation Physicians, Medical Trainees in Rehabilitation Medicine, Physiotherapists, Occupational Therapists, Nurses and Medical Social Workers, the department is actively involved in the education of Undergraduate and Postgraduate Medical Trainees, Undergraduate Nursing Students, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy Students from the Ministry of Health, MARA University of Technology as well as private academic institutions. Continuing Professional Development of our multidisciplinary team members is a regular activity of the department. Updates in Medical Rehabilitation are organised regularly for our staff as well as relevant parties from outside the UMMC. All categories of staff have ample opportunity to participate in their respective professional development through conferences as well as courses locally and internationally. 8.4 Vision The vision of the department is to become the centre of excellence in activities for the provision of services, education, training and research in rehabilitation medicine and in all associated specialities. 8.5 Mission The Rehabilitation Medicine Unit practices multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary team approach for patient management and demand a comprehensive and a holistic care based on the individual needs of a patient. The department also considers its mission to be the centre for continuing education, training and maintenance of professional standards for Doctors and Health Professionals of various specialities associated with rehabilitation medicine. To play a catalystic role in research and development of rehabilitation medicine in University of Malaya and the country. 8.6 Services 8.61 Clinical Services There includes: General Services, Rehabilitation Medicine Consultation, Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy and Wheelchair Management Service 8.62 Specialized Services There includes: Specialty Clinics Rehabilitation Medicine Consultation Neuro-surgical Rehabilitation Neuro-medical Rehabilitation Diabetic Footcare and Wound Management Consultation Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation Amputee Rehabilitation Paediatric Neurodevelopmental Rehabilitation Geriatric Rehabilitation Sports Rehabilitation Upper Limb and Hand Rehabilitation Burns Rehabilitation Diabetic Footcare and Wound Management Orthotics and Prosthetics Pre-Driving Assessment Work Resettlement Psychosocial Rehabilitation Swallowing Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Scoliosis Womens Health Cardiac Rehabilitation Wheelchair Seating Clinic Vestibular Rehabilitation 8.7 Support Group Activities Apart from providing the core rehabilitation services, the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine is also involved in co-ordinating various activities such as the following